Porter Five Force Model free essay sample

In the quarter that ended in September 2012 the pharmaceutical companies in India performed well in the US markets and this is expected to help them do well in the days ahead too. The local market is set to see some exclusive product introductions and is itself expected to record a decent level of growth. India Pharmaceutical Industry Information At present there are almost 24 thousand companies in this industry with almost 330 companies in the organized sector. The top 10 companies hold almost 33. 33 percent of the market. In 2012, the industry saw a year-on-year growth of almost 16 percent and is presently worth around 10 percent of the global industry in terms of volume and 1. 4 percent with regards to worth. Exports provide a substantial amount of the revenue generated by the Indian companies. While certain companies are focusing on markets that are not fully regulated as well as the generic markets across Europe and the US, others are looking to operate as custom manufacturers for innovators. We will write a custom essay sample on Porter Five Force Model or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Bio-pharmaceutical markets have lesser competition and the manufacturing process is rather complex. This is letting a number of companies focus in that area. The 5 leading companies in this sector spend approximately 5 to 10 percent of their earnings in research and development related activities. However, in global circles this percentage is near 15 to 20 percent. Indian companies have been taking various steps for their Ramp;D operations like associating with innovators. Some other companies have changed their molecule license structure for making their milestone payments. Some organizations are also preferring to make their research and development units into separate entities. However, with an overall decrease in research companies are now venturing into generics. In such a scenario the innovation-centric companies are purchasing such pharma houses or partnering with them. The supply in the Indian market is high when it comes to the therapeutic medicines and this is typical for a market that is growing. The case is different for lifestyle drugs. The demand is rather high in certain therapy related segments. However, this is expected to change once the literacy and life expectancy levels increase. Future growth of Indian Pharmaceutical Sector Compared to the similar quarter in 2011-12 the sector is expected to see a revenue growth ranging between 20 and 25 percent. The reduction in the value of the Indian currency is also expected to help the exports. However, the extent of benefit will depend on the level of exposure for each company to hedging. It is expected that Ranbaxy will be making profits of at least 40 percent thanks to the sale of Lipitor’s generic version. Lipitor is the biggest seller among drugs in the world. It is also supposed to introduce Actos, a diabetes drug valued at 3 billion dollars. Sun Pharma has performed well in both India and the US and this is supposed to help its future performance. The USFDA has lifted the ban on Caraco, its supplementary company, and this will help its revenues from the US. In July and August 2012, the Indian pharmaceutical market has grown by 15 to 16 percent. The segment for acute therapies has grown slowly because of the deferred monsoon. This is also likely to make sure that majority of these companies grow slowly in 2012. Barclays Equity Research expects that in the quarter starting after September 2012 the Indian pharmaceutical companies will show an all round performance. Companies like Sun Pharma, Dr. Reddy’s Labs, Glenmark, and Lupin are supposed to perform better than the rest. Angel Broking is expecting that the pharma companies listed in the Sensex will have a commendable growth rate of 23 percent in their sales compared on a year-on-year basis. In case of earnings the year-on-year growth has been estimated at 24 percent. The large cap companies are expected to win the race against the others. ICICI Securities opines that companies that have incurred debts outside India could be in a good position thanks to the present situation involving the Indian National Rupee (INR). It is expected that entities expecting forex losses will see a reversal in their fortunes. One of the likely beneficiaries in this case is Ranbaxy. Pricing issues in Indian Pharma Industry However, there is a fair amount of uncertainty regarding the policy of determining the prices of the drugs. This is expected to be a problem for the industry in the near future. There are three levels of regulations when it comes to the drug price control order (DPCO). It is imposed on areas like bulk drugs, greater profitability, and the drug formulae. This means that the profits of the companies will depend on the decisions taken by the authorities. The government has recently brought out a National list of essential medicines (NLEM) which has 354 drugs that are likely to be subjected to DPCO. This ruling has faced high opposition from the industry members. Challenges faced by Indian pharmaceutical industry The major barriers to entry in this market may be enumerated as below: * Licensing Patents * Distribution network * Consent for plant from regulatory authorities In India the distributors are presently seen to prefer the generic products in order to increase their profit margins. The buyers in India have a lot of bargaining power because of the divided nature of the industry, which ensures that there is a lot of competition in every segment. India pharm aceutical Industry Financial Performance The multinational companies performed well during 2011-12 and out of the 25 top performers 13 were such entities. However, from an overall perspective, the margins were not so good. Majority of the companies saw greater expenses for employees and raw materials. The companies, though, continued to increase their presence to the rural areas and add to their MR strength. India Pharmaceutical Industry Scope It is expected that with the present emphasis on product patents, fresh products will soon come into being. The local companies are expected to face stiff competition from their international counterparts who are supposed to be more positive and direct with their product launches. However, price negotiation will also be an important issue for these companies. It is expected that lifestyle drugs such as the following will be attractive propositions in the future: * Cardiovascular * Anti depressants * Anti diabetes * Anti cancer * Hypertension * Asthma * Congestive heart failures These segments will also see high growth owing to lifestyle alterations expected in the future due to changed patterns and city lifestyles. Contract manufacturing and research or CRAMS is expected to be a major force in the future. Following are India’s major areas of strength in this domain: * English speaking skills Lots of patients with various types of diseases * Capable scientists and doctors at comparatively lesser expense * Observance of global quality regulations With regards to contract manufacturing of drugs it is preferable for both top generic and innovator companies. This is expected to get bigger in the days ahead with more pressure on companies to reduce their expenses. The McKinsey Report states that the market will be worth $55 billion by 20 20 but its capacity, till that time period, has been estimated at $70 billion. Government support for Indian Pharma Industry The Indian government has been fairly supportive of the national pharmaceutical industry since its inception. During 1986 it set up the Department of Biotechnology that was monitored by the Ministry of Science and Technology. From that period, the central governments as well as the states have been offering several special considerations for this industry so that it could grow properly. Some of them may be mentioned as below: * Tax benefits * Exemption from VAT and related fees in several states * Grants for startups focusing on biotech * Fiscal help with subsidies and patents Assistance for companies looking to expand or set up biotech parks in India * Monetary help for utilities, investment, land and more areas * Permission to test on bigger animals – granted as per Prime Minister’s initiatives for this sector Top Pharmaceutical Companies in India Ranbaxy Laboratories  : Ranbaxy Laboratories Limited became a public entity in 1973 after being incorporated during 1961. It is the largest pharmaceutical company in India. In 2011-12 it earned $2. 1 billion around the world and its major market is North America. Following are its top products: * Valacyclovir Ciprofloxacin and its combinations * Simvastatin * Ketorolac Tromethamine * Donepezil * Imipenem+Cilastatin * Atorvastatin and its combinations * Ginseng+Vitamins * Co-amoxyclav and its combinations * Loratadine and its combinations Cipla Cipla was established during 1935 and its headquarters are at Mumbai. It has 20,000 employees and its revenue is $1. 4 billion. It is among the biggest generic companies in the world and has more than 20,000 products, 40 dosage form s, and 65 therapy categories. Its products can be classed into three main categories: * API * Veterinary * Formulations Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories Dr. Reddy’s started as a laboratory during 1984 as a maker of APIs. At present the company is worth at least $200 million and has more than 2700 employees and 3000 salesmen. Its products may be classified into the following: * Global generics * Differentiated formulations * APIs * Biosimilars * CPS * CPSIA * New chemical entities Lupin Lupin is based in Mumbai and is presently worth $1. 4 billion. The company’s EBITDA is 20 percent and going further up. Since 2005 it has been able increase its market capitalization 11 times and also increased its global presence. It is also one of the 25 top pharmaceutical companies of the world. Its products and services may be categorized as below: * Branded formulations * Advanced drug delivery systems * Generics * Novel drug discovery and development * APIs * Biotechnology Aurobindo Pharma PV Ramaprasad Reddy, along with some dedicated medical professionals, and K Nityananda Reddy set up Aurobindo Pharma during 1986. At present the organization is one of the top 10 Indian companies when it comes to consolidated revenues. It also exports its products in 125 countries and gets 70% of its revenues from these operations. Its products may be classed into the following: * Formulations * Peptides * API Sun Pharmaceutical Sun Pharmaceutical is a global specialty pharmaceutical company and operates in 43 markets with significant presence in India and the US. The company commenced operations during 1983. It is the 5th biggest of its kind in India in terms of prescription sales. It specializes in API and Formulation drugs. Cadila Pharmaceuticals Cadila is based at Ahmedabad and is one of the largest privately owned pharma companies. The company operates in at least 90 countries and 45 product segments.

Narrative Techniques Used in Shakespeares The Tempest

Narrative Techniques Used in Shakespeares The Tempest There is rigid difference between mimic techniques in theatrical performance and literary representation of the play. In particular, the former allow to demonstrate certain actions and convey feelings with the help of gestures, eye contact, silence, and other nonverbal patterns of behavior.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Narrative Techniques Used in Shakespeare’s The Tempest specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In contrast, literary presentation is narrowed to language resources, imagination, and cultural propriety which are the only tools for understanding the boundaries between supernatural and human actions. In this regard, Shakespeare makes use of specific narrative techniques while depicting certain actions and events in his play the Tempest. The playwright resorts to tricky narrative elements that make the play be reminiscent of palimpsest, a world of illusions and fictitious perception. The protagonists of the play refer to different genres and stylistics decides within one discourse to underscore social subordination and concept of freedom. A density of narrative elements used in the play creates dynamics between the character and the plot, motif and problem by including techniques implied by the sources. Those attractive variations ignite explanation and expansion. Due to the fact that The Tempest is more typical of a â€Å"science fiction† genre, a reader expects to see a male protagonist of great intellectual gifts who appears to be isolated and who should exert all his intelligence and power to solve the problem of survival. His solitary existence, hence, is revealed in deficiency in intercourse and cooperation with other characters in the play. Prospero is unlikely to be engage in dialogues with other characters; so, all his solutions seem to be mechanical and even robotic. While analyzing these aspects in general, it is possible to understand whether a character is a hu man or not, associative or reserved. More importantly, a reader can also understand the extra factors influencing characters’ actions, decisions, making contextual means a powerful literary device as well.Advertising Looking for essay on british literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Protagonists of the play resort to different stylistic genres of communication revealing their social and class affiliation. This can be explicitly viewed in case of Calliban’s speaking in iambic pentameter comparing to Trinculo’s narrative in blank verse. While referring to more advanced and sophisticated verse forms, one can notice Caliban’s superiority and higher social position, which is seen in this poetical expression. In contrast, Trinculo’s narrative is presented in mundane prose, which is typical of working class. Additionally, Caliban’s beauty of the language empowers him with grea ter advantage over Trinculo. His narrative, therefore, provokes more sympathy and compassion as fight for freedom seems much more persuasive when conveyed by poetical means. In general, narrative means that both characters make use of define their social status and affiliation to a particular estate regardless of Calibain’s being enslaved by Prospero. In conclusion, narrative techniques used in Shakespeare’s The Tempest are mostly directed at depicting character’s social affiliation, their intelligence level, and salient features. In particular, through literary representation, it is possible to identify Prospero’s unsociability and reluctance to cooperate with other characters, Caliban’s desperate fight for freedom and rights, and Trinculo’s veritable origin and position in society. Further more, using specific stylistic devices, such as allegory and metaphors, Shakespeare strives to endow the play with a shade of uncertainty, supernatural controlled by the reason. Using language resources and various densities of dialogues and discourses, the author also succeeds in providing fictitious perception of the play.

Rationale and Analysis for Agency Selected, Essay

Rationale and Analysis for Agency Selected, - Essay Example Currently, the agency is being administered by Julian Castro, who is the U.S. secretary of the HUD agency since 28th July, 2014. According to United States (2013), there are some Key Historical Events of the Agency since its formation in 1965. The table shown below summarizes the date an important enactment was made and its function. These are as tabulated below. The mission statement summarizes what is entailed in the HUD department with well spelt out and articulated cut outs that enable its operations. The mission is spelt out as shown in the paragraph below. The mission of the United States Agency of Housing and Urban Development is to create sustainable, strong and affordable, quality and inclusive communities homes for all. This agency is working towards ensuring that the housing market is strengthened (Senate Report, 2013). According to United States (2013), this federal agency is principally charged with the responsibility of programs dealing with national housing demands. It also ensures that the housing opportunities are fair and that the nation’s communities are developed and significantly improved. This agency was created to undertake the following functions: The agency seeks to ensure that the principal programs of the department are administered with the objective of extending assistance on matters pertinent to housing. The agency further provides assistance when it comes to national communities’ development. The agency partners with localities and different states in its quest to promote community development and housing. These partnerships ensure that service delivery is effective, fast and efficient and is done in accordance to the clearly stipulated mission and objectives. They tap the power derived from synergy. Another important function of the agency is to promote optimum contribution through mortgage lending firms and rigorous private-based homebuilding. These may be in the

Self assessment paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Self assessment paper - Essay Example This shows that I am a people - focused individual living in a world of people possibilities and do have excellent people skills. Analysis My BIG 5 Personality Test also shows that I am an extrovert who shows concern with other people’s needs. It shows that I am a person who sets clear goals and ultimately pursues them with zeal and determination. People often regard me as a hardworking and a reliable person. This works very well with me as a team leader. I am also exceptionally calm, unflappable and composed and I do not retort with extreme emotions, even to situations that a good number people would depict as stressful. I also like thinking in plain terms and not in complexities. People consider me as conservative, practical and down-to-earth. This is ideal for my team as I am able to mingle and work well with other members to achieve good results. Personal Needs Description After a thorough self-assessment on my personal needs, I have extensively done a lot of soul-searchin g of myself and I have done a comprehensive analysis of who I am and a better understanding of myself. Analysis I have good listening skills, which I rely on to ensure that workers are more productive. My good listening skills have enabled me to better understand my team of workers and to know their expectations of me as a team leader. It helps me to build a rapport with my team and my superiors. Since I work better in a team-based environment, my listening skills have enabled me to show support, resolve problems with my team, answer questions correctly and find underlying meaning in what others say. I have tips that enable me to listen well which include maintaining eye contact, being attentive, nodding my head, leaning towards the speaker, never interrupting the speaker, always replicating instructions and soliciting suitable questions when the speaker has closed his address. As a good listener, I know that being attentive to what the speaker does not say is as important as being attentive to what he does say. I also look for non-verbal cues such as facial expressions and posture to get the full glimpse of what the speaker is telling me. I know I am a good listener since I know how to minimize external distractions in order to concentrate fully on what I am being told. I respond fully to the person speaking to me and focus solely on the main topic under discussion with an open mind to draw sufficient information from what is being said. I never take offense or become defensive even where the speaker criticizes me. Instead, I do take criticism positively and totally engage myself as I seek clarification (K Singh, 2012). Motivation is the reason for my actions. Motivation is the feelings and thoughts that make us covet to do something, persist in wanting to do it and turn our wishes into action. A number of factors that motivate me include money, bonuses, future promotion, my job, good working relationships, job security and a favorable working environment. I also do get a lot of motivation when I see satisfied team working under happy customers and me. I thrive in meeting my given deadlines and surpassing my targets. An enabling environment is essential to achieve desired goals; given that environment, I can and do surpass almost any work related target placed before me (Singh, 2012). Team Preference Roles Description On the team preference roles, I am both a gatekeeper and a moderate encourager since I have a strong tendency of encouraging my team

Spotify Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 3

Spotify - Essay Example The premium version was free of advertisements and allowed users to customize playlists as well as gain sneak previews. After downloading Spotify’s application to their computers, listeners could select genres, create playlists, or listen to music â€Å"streamed† over the Internet. Users were not allowed to download or copy songs. Initially, the company was intent on controlling their customer base. To achieve this, Spotify was offered on an invitation basis only. In the first three years of operation, Spotify had spent $7500 on marketing, leveraging instead word of mouth and its members-only model to build a buzz in the press and the on-line blogosphere. The audience was growing by about 25% a month since its launch in March 2009, reaching the 1 million mark on August the same year. Critical to its business model was the cooperation of major music labels, which Ek secured following extensive negotiations. Under these agreements, Spoify committed to paying royalty for e very song played, regardless of advertising revenue earned (Aaker & McLoughlin .p.122). It was evident from the collapse of competitors that an ad-supported model was not sustainable in an uncertain economic climate. Furthermore, with revenues from advertising underperforming, Spotify realized that, in order to grow and fund that growth, it needed to secure relationships with suppliers and other business network partners. By the end of summer 2009, an equity deal was agreed with one major music label, and a partnership had been formed with another company to sell tracks alongside its ad-supported and subscription based services (Aaker & McLoughlin .p.123). Management was confident that the next phase of their strategy could be implemented. Within the first three years of operation the company had reached a total user base of 20 million with 5 million of these users paying the monthly subscription fee of $4.99 or $9.99. In its short history, the company had grown and changed rapidly. In terms of the future directions, it was faced with a number of complementary opportunities; entering the US market, launching a mobile-phone-friendly version of its software, and partnering with investors like Li Ka-Shing to develop new business opportunities (Aaker & McLoughlin .p.124). Digital music industry The digital music industry can be split into two segments: the streaming market with so many competitors and the digital download whose main players are Amazon and iTunes. The industry has demonstrated potential with an 8% growth in revenues in 2011, in the same year the overall industry was valued at $5.2 billion. Presently, the streaming market is only responsible for 10% of the total revenues generated by the digital music industry. Optimistically, the market holds the biggest growth potential as compared to the download market. The numerous competitors in the streaming industry apply very similar business models. They rely on slight differentiations based on packaging, licensed music libraries, operating regions, and features to cut an alternate niche (Hartley et al 2003.p.243). There are high switching costs for customers as there is less compatibility making transfers difficult. Additionally, streaming companies are continually investing in new network effects across their service by incorporating social components. A number of streaming companies allow individuals to follow what their friends are listening and also accord them a chance to create collaborative playlists. This network effect can

An Outline of Global Climate Change on Earth

An Outline of Global Climate Change on Earth There is no doubt that the accumulating evidence is suggesting that the Earths climate is continually changing in direct result because of human activity. The most important of which causes the release of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere from fossil fuels. A report from the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) estimated the Earths average land and sea surface temperature has increased by 0.6  ± 0.2 degrees Celsius since the middle of the 19th century (Climate Change 2014). The largest parts of change have occurred after 1976. The temperature is not the only thing to change on Earth. The models of precipitation have also changed. The drier regions of Earth are becoming drier, meanwhile other areas are becoming wetter. In the regions where precipitation has surged there has been an unequal boost in the prevalence of the heaviest precipitation occurrences. Furthermore, the IPCC has concluded that if no specific actions are taken to decrease greenhou se gas emissions, the Earths temperatures will likely rise between 1.4 and 5.8 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¾ C from 1990 to 2100 (Findings of the IPCC). These forecasts wind speed and precipitation are not as consistent, but they also suggest significant changes. In general, humans are very accustomed to changing climatic conditions that vary on a daily, seasonal, or annual timescale. Increasing evidence suggests that in addition to this natural climate change, average climatic conditions measured over a period of thirty years or longer are also changing a lot more than the natural variations documented in the time periods of decades or centuries. As time is going on the understanding of these causes are becoming more and more understood. Climatologists have compared climate model simulations of the effects of greenhouse gas emissions to that of the observed climate changes of the past. They have also evaluated the possible natural influences to include solar and volcanic activity. Climatologists have concluded that there is new and strong evidence that the majority of the global warming observed over the last fifty years is most likely to be attributable to human activities. Global warming has been documented and observed in all continents with the largest temperature changes happening at the middle and high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere. The miniscule amount of climatic change that has already occurred so far has had unmistakable effects on a large variety of natural ecosystems. Over the period 1948 to 2013, the average annual temperature in Canada has warmed by 1.6  °C (relative to the 1961-1990 average), a higher rate of warming than in most other regions of the world (Impacts of Climate Change). There are climate model simulations that have been used to estimate the effects of the Earths past, present, and future greenhouse gas emissions on climate changes. These models are based on the data of the heat confining properties of gases released into the atmosphere from man-made and natural sources. Also the measured climatic effects of other natural phenomena is used. The models used by the IPCC have been certified by testing their ability to explain climate changes that already happened in the Earths past. Generally, the models can give decent estimates of past patterns only when man-made emissions of non-greenhouse gas air pollutants are included to go with the natural phenomena. This underscores that the models show a good estimate of the climate system, natural fluctuations are important contributors to climatic changes even if they cannot sufficiently explain past trends on their own, and man-made greenhouse gas emissions are a vital contributor to climate patterns and are certainly likely to remain so going forward. Correspondingly, human health is especially sensitive to temporal and geographical changes in weather and climate whether they be short term fluctuations or long term changes. Historically, weather has not been considered as subject to modification by human actions. Measures have been taken though to lessen human effects. Although adaptation is a very important factor of the health consequences of climate change, the effect of man-made greenhouse gas emissions on climate means that climate change can be considered a principle risk factor that could potentially be changed by human intervention with associated effects on the strain of disease. Furthermore, the risk factor was characterized by current and future changes in global climate traceable to rising atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases. Compound climate scenarios are accepted instead of the desirable continuous measurements of individual climate changes because climate is a complex phenomenon that includes temperature, precipitation, wind speed, as well as other factors and therefore cannot be measured on a single scale. Climate variations will vary greatly with geography and time. These are not fully attained in global averages of climate changes and all forms of climate are likely to be mutated by greenhouse gas levels in the atmosphere. Despite the mounting evidence of these global changes, humans need to determine what can be done to mitigate or eliminate these changes. Scientists say that to mitigate the human input to global climate change, humans should reduce carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas emissions. Although some additional warming is unavoidable, or even if we achieve significant greenhouse gas reductions hastily, we should still make arrangements to adapt to the coming climate change. If we are unable to control emissions or adapt to these inevitable changes quickly enough, a carefully selected geoengineering plan could perhaps give an emergency substitute to slow global climate change. As of yet several of the strategies being considered are very risky and unproven. However, controlling these emissions is a huge, difficult, and potentially expensive problem that not a single strategy will or can solve. On the other hand, the price of unchecked global climate change will probably be very significant. Many economists have determined that putting existing scientific and technological strategies into motion and creating new ones may stimulate the economy and would also create significant near-term perks in public health through the reduction of air pollution. The Carbon Mitigation Initiative, which is an industry and university agreement based at Princeton University, has determined strategies, based exclusively on existing technologies used in combination over the next fifty years, would keep most of the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere from possibly doubling the pre-industrial level. Of course there are big numbers of scientists who agree that doubled carbon dioxide levels will certainly create a disastrous issue with the climate. These strategies include: decreasing use by traveling fewer miles each year and adjusting thermostats while increasing the energy efficiency of plants, vehicles, and buildings; capturing the carbon expended by plants and place it in underground storage; creating more energy from the natural gas, nuclear, and renewable fuels that include wind, solar, bio-fuels, and hydroelectric; cease the soil degradation and deforestation throughout the world, while at the same time reforesting areas. Moreover, some of these strategies will have to be put into place not only by individuals on their own but also governments and industry. On average, Americans emit nineteen tons of carbon dioxide every year while driving vehicles and heating their places of residence. That is more than people in any other country in the world. Even a five percent reduction of individual emissions would equate to U.S. emissions dropping by 300 million tons each year. That reduction would be easily attainable by replacing appliances and light bulbs with ones that were far more efficient, planning out automobile trips more carefully, driving vehicles that are more fuel-efficient, taking fewer flights, and the list goes on. Of the carbon dioxide emitted from human activities in a year, about half is removed from the atmosphere by natural processes within a century, but around 20% continues to circulate and to affect atmospheric concentrations for thousands of years (National Climate Assessment.). By lea rning and communicating about global warming with other citizens and elected officials to talk about the problem and by making energy efficient decisions, people will play a decisive role in what certainly has to be a global effort to respond to global climate change. Similarly, humans must adapt to climate change. The climate of Earth has been fluctuating throughout its history. Recently, humans have become one of the major factors contributing to this global climate change. The changes connected to human activity are already being sensed. Climate change in not avoidable because of the emissions that have already been expended into the atmosphere, even if all greenhouse gas emissions were stopped today. For this reason, many governments and industries are starting to adopt policies, create disaster response plans, or alter infrastructure to prepare for these expected changes. While some changes are difficult and expensive, many are rather inexpensive and offer immediate benefits. Of course adaptation strategies will differ depending on the biggest threat posed by climate change from country to country. For example, in the coastal regions might get rid of their incentives to try to create coastlines and to try to create a safe zone of forest and sand dunes in between infrastructure and the water. New York City has previously mixed climate change into its planning process of future development, reducing the need for costly retrofitting later. Furthermore, local governments can alter disaster response plans to furnish changes in weather patterns. For example, to mitigate the health impact of heat waves on the people, Philadelphia set up an emergency response plan. Because of this, the plan they created has already lowered fatalities from heat related symptoms, according to Philadelphia officials. More severe and expensive changes may become necessary in some places. Thawing permafrost, heightened storms, higher winds, and the erosion of the coast are now putting communities at risk in Alaska. Trying to move each community to safer areas would not be feasible as the costs would be too great although some communities have decided to relocate. Lastly, to understand and accept the dangers of climate change, businesses, people, and governments need knowledge and understanding to adapt to climate change and determine the long term and immediate benefits and disadvantages of those adaptation strategies. The most benefits relative to the risk and cost lie in carrying out these changes. With all of the information that is now out there, it is clear that there is global climate change and that it needs to be addressed. Not just in a local area, but on a global scale. These issues are going to have to be dealt with for many years to come as long as humans inhabit the planet. Only time will show how humans adapt to these changes and what effect they will have on planet Earth. Works Cited/Bibliography National Climate Assessment. National Climate Assessment. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Jan. 2017. Policymakers, Summary For. Climate Change 2014 Synthesis Report Summary (2014): n. pag. Web. Findings of the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report: Climate Change Science. Union of Concerned Scientists. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Jan. 2017. Impacts of Climate Change. Government of Canada, Environment and Climate Change Canada. N.p., 27 Nov. 2015. Web. 16 Jan. 2017.

uncertainty in our life Essays -- essays research papers

After learning the concept of post-modernism in class and doing some research on the internet, I have a rough idea of what the postmodernism is. In this essay I will discuss the postmodern elements in the movie  ¡Ã‚ °Run Lola Run ¡Ã‚ ±. By watching this movie, I think that  ¡Ã‚ °Run Lola Run ¡Ã‚ ± is a movie which is fast paced, exciting and attractive. Moreover, it offers three sections, each comprising the same story, but told in contrasting ways; which in my opinion makes this movie quite different from other common movies and the uncertainty of the postmodernism view of life obvious.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  First of all, the movie has an unusual opening. When the movie begins, there are just many people on the screen; and I cannot find any clue to the plot or the setting. However, I think this opening shows Bonnycastle ¡Ã‚ ¯s idea of postmodernism which is  ¡Ã‚ °it is hard to know what you might encounter next or what kind of transaction might be expected of you ¡Ã‚ ± (Bonnycastle 232); in other words, I think the opening wants to show us there are various people on the earth, and their fate and destiny are different. After this unusual opening, the main characters Manni and Lola appear on the screen; however, after they finish their phone call, I understand what has happened. In addition, Lola has a mere 20 minutes to get a large amount of money to her boyfriend so that he will not be killed by his boss. In fact, it seems impossible to do such a thing in 20 minutes; however, I think this is what the audiences will find the most attractive. In addition, I guess the director wants each member of the audiences to imagine the next 20 minutes in their own mind before they see the result of the movie. However, I am sure that each person ¡Ã‚ ¯s ending will be different as this is a reflection of the uncertainty of the postmodernist view of life. Consequently, the first part of the movie only interests me in what will be going on in the next 20 minutes. After Lola hangs up the phone, the movie shows Lola running. The movie uses rapid camera movements and accompanies by a pulse-pounding soundtrack to make me follow Lola with every turn she runs. With the movie goes on, I feel that the main characters Lola and Manni do not fit stereotypical gender roles in this movie. As Bonnycastle says  ¡Ã‚ °[you] may be uncertain about the sex of some of the people who surround you, and about how much p... ...; however, sometimes we never care about the tiny changes but it does reflect the uncertainty of postmodernism view of life. In this movie, not only the main characters ¡Ã‚ ¯ lives but also all the characters ¡Ã‚ ¯ lives show the uncertainty of postmodernism view of life. In each section Lola passes by the same bystanders. For example, the old woman, nuns and man on bike, their lives are changed in different ways. Moreover, in the last section of the movie, I feel the result is interesting and give audiences a surprise. In the first two section of the movie, one of Lola and Manni will die at the end, but last section ends with a comedy. Manni finds his lost money from the beggar; however, Lola wins 100,000 marks in the Casino. This ending seems perfect, and it shows that the life is changeful. From the changes in different section of the movie, it gives me a feeling about that our life is full of uncertainties. Each of the same characters in the movie has several different results and this obviously reflects the ideas of the postmodernism view of life. After I watched this movie, I am thinking of one problem, what will the result be in my life when there are various uncertainties ahead?